Ivan V Alekseevich, the son of Alexei Mikhailovich and his wife Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya, although he was a senior, but, being of poor health and, moreover, almost blind, could not manage the state.
At the request of the streltsi, Ivan was to reign with Peter.
Both kings were married to the kingdom together, and a double throne was made for them.
After the death of childless Fedor Alekseevich, his brother John, weak in body and soul, was removed from the throne.
Patriarch Joachim and boyars proclaimed the king 10-year-old Peter.
The Miloslavskii Party, with the tsarist Sophia at the head, decided to challenge the authorities. To fulfill her plans, Sophia turned to the Archer’s army and inclined him to her side, suggesting that Prince John was illegally removed from the throne, and opened an open bloody riot against the Naryshkins.
Sagittarius, according to the suggestion of Sophia, was announced by the sovereigns of both princes together, and the reign over the youth of the brothers was handed to Princess Sophia.
Sophia stopped the unrest among the schismatics, pacified the streltsy.
In 1686, Russia concluded an eternal peace with the Poles, which left the left-bank Ukraine and Kiev forever for Moscow. This world finally ended the long struggle of Russia with Poland for Little Russia.
In 1689 the Treaty of Nerchinsk was concluded with China, according to which both banks of the Amur, conquered by the Cossacks, were ceded to China.
Sophia fell victim to her love of power. Peter penetrated into her designs and imprisoned her in the Novodevichy Convent in 1689.
After the death of Alexei Mikhailovich, the 14-year-old son of his Fyodor Alexeyevich, who had reigned for six years, ascended the throne.
He was a pupil of Simeon of Polotsk, a monk known for his studies, who for his time was an educated person, he knew Polish and Latin languages.
With the accession to the throne of Theodore, the Miloslavskyses again received the former influence and tried to remove Matveyev, who was exiled to Pustozersk. Two Naryshkins were also exiled, and Natalya Kirillovna and Peter went to the village of Preobrazhenskoye.
Under Fyodor Alekseevich, the war continued for Little Russia, in the southern part of which Doroshenko was held, who surrendered under Turkey’s protection, as a result of which Turkey considered the whole of Ukraine its own.
This war with Turkey ended in 1681 with a 20-year truce in Bakhchisaray. Under the peace treaty, Eastern Malorossia and Zaporozhye were forever affirmed for Moscow, and western Ukraine withdrew to Turkey.
Fedor Alekseevich proposed the transformation of the army in order to abolish the localism, i.e. the custom of Moscow boyars to be considered an ancestral service when taking up places in military and civil services, in court ceremonies and at the royal table. Mestnichestvo brought great harm, as it was necessary to appoint to high places by the nobility of the clan, and not by merit and ability.
So, in 1682, in a meeting of the Boyar Duma, it was decided to destroy the localism. Discharge books, which recorded all orders of the government for military and civil services, were burned. At the same time, the tsar ordered that noble families be included in special genealogical books for the memory of the offspring.
Tsar Feodor died childless.
After the death of Mikhail Fedorovich, Russia swore allegiance to his 16-year-old son, Alexei Mikhailovich. In the first years of the reign, he obeyed the influence of his tutor boyar Morozov, who became his closest adviser.
The influence grew even more when Morozov became related to the tsar. Alexei Mikhailovich married Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya, and a few days later Morozov married her sister.
Morozov was not honest and used his position to satisfy his personal interests.
The internal state of the state has not yet settled, the people suffered under the weight of taxes. The tax on salt and displeasure against Miloslavsky, who distributed advantageous places to his relatives, who oppressed the people with their covetousness, caused a rebellion (1640). The consequence of this insurrection was the removal from Morozov’s deeds and the reference to the Kirillov monastery.
In 1649 the Zemsky Sobor was convened in Moscow, the result of which was the publication of a new set of laws known as the “Cathedral Code”.
In 1648, Nikon was appointed Novgorod Metropolitan, and in 1652 – Patriarch. The Tsar gave him unlimited confidence and entrusted the management of the state during absences.
The most important thing of his patriarchate was the correction of liturgical books. In 1666, at the cathedral, at the suggestion of Nikon, it was decided to fix the liturgical books on ancient manuscripts.
Part of the clergy, displeased with Nikon for severity, rebelled and called these corrections a violation of the past. Individuals who disagree with Nikon’s reform, were called schismatics.
In 1666, Nikon was convicted, deprived of his rank and imprisoned in the Belozero Ferapontov Monastery at the spiritual cathedral, for unauthorized excommunication from the patriarchate, and also for antics against the tsar, the patriarchs and boyars. This same council approved all the books corrected by him.
The year 1652 was a revolt in Moscow because of financial difficulties.
From 1668 to 1671 – the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich was marked by a huge insurgency, in which Cossacks and peasants participated, led by Cossack Stenka Razin.
1654 – the famous uprising of the Ukrainian Cossacks against the Polish aristocracy ended in the deposition of Little Russia from Poland and its annexation to Moscow. The leader of this insurrection was Bogdan Khmelnitsky.
For the possession of Little Russia Alexei Mikhailovich had to wage two wars with Poland. The first war, from 1654 to 1656, the second – from 1658 to 1667.
In 1657 Bogdan Khmelnitsky died.
In 1661, the Cardisian world ended the war with the Swedes.
For his kindness, Alexei Mikhailovich got the name “Quiet”.
He was married twice. From Mary Miloslavskaya there were two sons, Fedor and John, and several daughters. From the marriage with Natalia Naryshkina was born in 1672, the son of Peter.
Mikhail Fedorovich, the son of Theodore Nikitich Romanov, before his election to the throne, he lived with his mother, the nun Martha, in the Ipatiev Monastery, near Kostroma.
On February 21, 1613, he was elected tsar in the great Zemsky Sobor.
When he joined the throne, the position of the Russian land was sad. The state treasury is empty. Inside the state, Cossack gangs and Poles were robbing. In Astrakhan were Zarutskiy with Marina Mnishek, Smolensk – in the hands of the Poles. Prince Vladislav wanted to occupy the throne of Moscow. Novgorod was owned by the Swedes.
Mikhail Fedorovich pacified all enemies internal and external. The first thing the assembled Zemsky Sobor sent on behalf of the tsar sent letters to all major cities with the request to send money, bread and other supplies for distribution to the army.
The extermination of the Cossacks began. Zarutskiy was captured in Astrakhan and, along with Marina’s son, Mnishek was executed, Marina was imprisoned. The war with the Swedes ended with the Stolbovoi world (1617), in which the Swedes returned to Russia Novgorod, Staraya Russa, Gdov, Porkhov and Ladoga, but retained Ingria – the coast of the Gulf of Finland with the cities of Yam, Ivangorod and Oreshek and, in addition, Russia 20 thousand rubles.
The pillar treaty completely removed the Russians from the Baltic Sea, which was necessary for relations with the West.
In 1618, a truce was concluded with Poland in the village of Deulin. Under this agreement Smolensk and Seversk region were ceded to Poland. But Vladislav did not abandon his claims to the Moscow throne. There was an exchange of prisoners, among whom returned to Moscow the father of the Emperor, Metropolitan Filaret, who was consecrated to the patriarchs.
Filaret was the full head of Michael until his death (1619 – 1633). In the state charters of the time, they usually wrote: “The Tsar and the Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich of All Russia and the Great Sovereign Patriarch Filaret Nikitich of Moscow and All Russia have indicated …”
Internal activities of the tsar and the patriarch turned to the arrangement of the state order. Collecting taxes was difficult, because many cities were ruined, the residents fled. From everywhere, complaints were received about grievances from the governor.
It was decided to write scribe books and distribute taxes according to the property of the residents, for which scribes and scouts were sent to the provinces. Voevoda and the orderly were forbidden to take bribes. Some regions were allowed to choose headmen instead of the governor.
After the Deuline truce, Mikhail began to prepare actively for the war, since it was difficult for him to cede Poland to Smolensk, and on the other hand Poland did not recognize Michael as tsar, and Vladislav did not renounce his claims to the Moscow throne.
Taking advantage of the interregnum on the death of Sigismund, Moscow sent an army under the command of Shein, who besieged Smolensk. But with the arrival of Vladislav, chosen by the king, was repulsed. When the position of the Moscow army became desperate, Shein surrendered to capitulation. Upon his return to Moscow, he was accused of treason and executed.
Vladislav, having failed in the fortress of Bely and threatened by Turkey, concluded peace with Russia on the Polyanykovka River in 1634. Under the terms of this world, Vladislav refused to claim the throne of Moscow. Smolensk and Seversk land remained behind Poland, and Vladislav paid 20 thousand rubles. In Moscow, the remains of the deceased and buried in Poland Tsar Vasily Shuisky, who was buried in the Archangel Cathedral among Russian princes, was transferred to Moscow.
Don Cossacks, taking the Turkish fortress of Azov, asked Michael to take them under their own high hand and send them an army to help. Since this assistance to the Cossacks would have been the cause of the war with Turkey, the tsar convened the Zemsky Sobor (1642), from whose answers it turned out that the state does not have the means to fight. Therefore, Mikhail ordered the Cossacks to leave Azov, and the sultan said that because of the Cossacks, he did not want to quarrel with him.
During the reign of Mikhail Fyodorovich, relations with foreign powers were renewed, the government ordered the Russian people to train foreign forces. Attention was also drawn to education and the development of factory business in Russia. There are factories for casting guns near Tula on the Kostroma and Sheksna rivers, in Moscow a glass plant.
Mikhail Fedorovich was married twice, on Maria Vladimirovna Dolgorukaya and on Evdokia Streshneniy. From the second marriage had a son Alexei and three daughters.
June 12, 1645, Mikhail Fyodorovich died.